The List of Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Programs in the United States: A Descriptive Review

By Chulwoo Park, DrPH, MSPH, Shannon Shimada, MPH, MPAS, PA-C

Citation

Park C, Shimada S. The list of Doctor of public health (DrPH) programs in the United States: a descriptive review. HPHR. 2022;54. 10.54111/0001/BBB6

The list of Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) programs in the United States: A descriptive review

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This study aims to identify all current, available DrPH institutions and programs in the United States and its territories for providing the most recent list of CEPH-accredited, ASPPH-affiliated, and non-CEPH/ASPPH DrPH institutions and programs. A comprehensive search strategy was designed to describe the following three steps: 1) CEPH-accredited programs from the CEPH webpage, 2) ASPPH-affiliated programs from the ASPPH Academic Program Finder, and 3) manual web search to identify all active institutions and programs that recruit students.

Recent Findings

We use the following main outcome measures: 1) numbers of CEPH-accredited, ASPPH-affiliated, and non-CEPH/ASPPH DrPH institutions and programs, 2) geographical distribution of DrPH institutions, 3) classification of the DrPH program, and 4) institutional structure, mode of instruction, and enrollment type. We found a total of 40 CEPH-accredited institutions (with 78 programs), 33 ASPPH-affiliated institutions (with 60 programs), and 2 non-CEPH/ASPPH institutions (with 3 programs). After making a cross-reference across three search processes, as of July 2022, we concluded that the total number of all available DrPH institutions in the United States and its territories was 42, with 83 programs.

Summary

This study set out to gain a better understanding of the DrPH programs and their essential information across the nation for prospective DrPH students, DrPH alumni, DrPH faculty, policymakers, and stakeholders. More research on this topic needs to be undertaken to analyze the pattern of evolution for DrPH programs and to suggest the desired distribution of DrPH programs.

Introduction

Over the last decades, DrPH programs have been newly added or removed.^1–3 The development of the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH)’s 2016 Accreditation Criteria positioned a DrPH degree as an advanced practice degree, which makes a clear distinction from a PhD degree as an advanced research degree.⁴ After the 2016 Accreditation Criteria were implemented, CEPH observed the trends of a DrPH degree from late 2016 to the end of 2019.⁵ According to CEPH, there was a decreasing trend in the number of accredited DrPH degrees during that period, from 42 to 37, resulting from the overall change that 10 DrPH degrees (7 from the school of public health and 3 from the public health program) were discontinued and 5 DrPH degrees were newly added.³ However, 6 schools of public health added new 17 DrPH programs (i.e., area of study, major, specialty, discipline, or concentration) from their existing DrPH degree, so the total DrPH offerings have become more diverse in the various formats, choice of distance-based or on-campus, distance-based, or on-campus.³

During the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching modality at higher educational institutions has been changed to online learning.^6–8 According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics, there are over 7 million students in the US taking online courses.⁹ There has been an increasing number of online and hybrid offerings at higher education institutions which have piqued the interest of scholars searching to continue their education in different types of environments.¹⁰ With the use of online learning platforms in conjunction with video meetings, programs are being offered virtually with synchronous (or live courses) and asynchronous coursework (or students’ chosen pace).^11,12 Online programs offer flexibility for non-traditional students; however, they require students to be self-motivated,^11,12 whereas traditional in-person instruction is more suited for those who like the structure and discipline of being in a classroom.^11,13 Before the pandemic, multiple studies found that there was no statistical difference in students’ academic performance between online and in-person learning.^13–15 Though some programs offered online coursework prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, many in-person programs shifted to online learning platforms due to the pandemic. The closure of schools and universities has disrupted in-person learning, which made online learning the main instruction mode using various online platforms, such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, WhatsApp communication, and learning management systems, such as Blackboard Collaborate and Canvas.^12,16 To accommodate the needs of students and prevent the spread of COVID-19, many of the DrPH programs have been offering online programs.

Although available DrPH programs in the United States have been constantly changing in recent years, there is still outdated, incorrect information about DrPH institutions and programs on a great number of web pages. From the perspective of the public, little was known about how to search and identify all active, current DrPH programs. In addition, there has not been a comprehensive effort—schools and programs from CEPH, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH), and non-affiliated CEPH/ASPPH altogether—through research to identify and organize the list of active DrPH institutions and their programs in the United States and its territories.

This study aimed to conduct a descriptive study for providing the following two pieces of information: 1) establishing the correct methods to search for DrPH schools and programs in the United States and its territories and 2) organizing those schools and programs into three categories: CEPH-accredited institutions, ASPPH members, and non-CEPH/ASPPH institutions. The main contribution of this study was to provide the list and geographic distribution of the DrPH programs in the United States and its territories as of July 2022 through the development of a comprehensive search strategy as well as helping readers search for the most up-to-date active DrPH programs afterward. It is expected that this study would be the cornerstone of understanding the distribution of available, versatile future leaders of public health practice who will be at the forefront of preventing and controlling COVID-19 and any future disease outbreaks.

Methods

Three-step comprehensive search

We used a comprehensive search strategy using publicly available information from online databases to identify DrPH programs that fall into the following two inclusion criteria: 1) active DrPH programs that accept students; and 2) DrPH programs located in the United States and its territories. For the search strategy, there were three steps: 1) using the CEPH webpage; 2) using the ASPPH webpage; and 3) using a web search. First, we searched for current CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions and programs from the CEPH webpage, which provides a list of CEPH-accredited universities and schools based on the following selection criteria: 1) degree, 2) concentration, and 3) state. In the “Who We Accredit” menu, CEPH provides a search database, “Search for a Degree Program.”¹⁷ We entered “DrPH” in the Degree tab to identify all universities that provide DrPH programs. After then, we checked their last date of CEPH accreditation to see if any institutions are in the process of re-accreditation.¹⁸

Second, to identify ASPPH-registered DrPH institutions and programs, we used the ASPPH Academic Program Finder, which provides a list of ASPPH-registered universities and schools based on the following selection criteria: 1) area of study or keyword; 2) institution or location; 3) delivery method: on-campus, online/on-campus hybrid, and online; 4) GRE: required, optional, and not required/not reviewed; 5) degree: DrPH and all the other public health degrees; 6) start term: different semesters/quarters/interim; and 7) additional filters: currently accepting applications, Schools of Public Health Application Service (SOPHAS)-only, and summer program. In the search menu, we selected “all” for both Area of Study and Institution tabs and then chose “DrPH – Doctor of Public Health” in the Degree tab.¹⁹

Lastly, we conducted a manual web search as a final step to see if there are any other institutions or programs that were not captured by CEPH and ASPPH webpages, such as non-CEPH or non-ASPPH DrPH programs. We used Boolean operators in Google Search, a search engine provided by Google (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States): AND (limiting results), OR (including one term or another), – (excluding a term), and “ ” (searching for an exact phrase). We designed various search terms to capture all DrPH programs in the United States and its territories as follows: 1) (“non-accredited” OR “non-ASPPH” OR “non-CEPH”) AND (DrPH OR “Dr.P.H.” OR “Dr.PH” OR “D.P.H.” OR “DPH” OR “Doctor of Public Health”) AND (“The United States” OR “U.S.” OR US); 2) DrPH -CEPH -ASPPH; 3) DrPH AND online; and 4) DrPH AND (“CEPH applicant” OR “ASPPH applicant”). For stand-alone exact phrases using a quotation mark, we used 1) “Doctor of Public Health”; 2) “DrPH program”; and 3) “DrPH programs in the United States.”

Overview of DrPH programs

Table 1. Overview of DrPH Programs

Institution Name (Total: 42)	College/School Name	Program (Total: 83)	Mode of Instruction	Enrollment Type
1. Boston University³⁷ ⭘△	School of Public Health	1) Leadership, Management & Policy	On-Campus	Both
2. Capella University^29,30	N/A	2) Public Health	Online	Both
3. Claremont Graduate University³⁸ ⭘△	School of Community & Global Health	3) Public Health Practice (name updated from Leadership & Management)	On-Campus	Both
4. Columbia University^39–43 ⭘△	Mailman School of Public Health	4) Biostatistics	On-Campus	Full-time
		5) Environmental Health Sciences	On-Campus	Full-time
		6) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Full-time
		7) Leadership in Global Health and Humanitarian Systems	On-Campus	Full-time
		8) Sociomedical Sciences	On-Campus	Full-time
5. Drexel University⁴⁴ ⭘△	Dornsife School of Public Health	9) Health Management and Policy	On-Campus	Both
6. East Carolina University^45,46 ⭘	N/A	10) Environmental and Occupational Health	Online	Full-time
6. East Carolina University^45,46 ⭘	N/A	11) Health Policy, Administration and Leadership	Online	Full-time
7. East Tennessee State University⁴⁷ ⭘△	College of Public Health	12) Community Health	On-Campus	Both
		13) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Both
		14) Health Management and Policy	On-Campus	Both
8. Florida A&M University⁴⁸ ⭘△	College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Institute of Public Health	15) Behavioral Science and Health Education	On-Campus	Both
8. Florida A&M University⁴⁸ ⭘△		16) Epidemiology and Biostatistics	On-Campus	Both
9. George Washington University^49,50 ⭘△	Milken Institute School of Public Health	17) Generalist	On-Campus	Both
10. Georgia Southern University ⭘△	Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health	18) Biostatistics	On-Campus	Both
		19) Community Health	On-Campus	Both
		20) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Both
		21) Health Policy and Management	On-Campus	Both
		22) Public Health Leadership	Online	Both
11. Georgia State University⁵² ⭘△	School of Public Health	23) Generalist	On-Campus	Part-Time
12. Harvard University⁵³ ⭘△	T.H. Chan School of Public Health	24) Public Health	On-Campus	Full-time
13. Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis^54,55 ⭘△	Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health	25) Global Health Leadership	Hybrid	Part-time
14. Jackson State University⁵⁶ ⭘	N/A	26) Behavioral Health Promotion and Education	On-Campus	Full-time
		27) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Full-time
		28) Health Policy and Management	On-Campus	Full-time
15. Johns Hopkins University^57–65 ⭘△	Bloomberg School of Public Health	29) Environmental Health	Online	Part-time
		30) Global Health: Policy and Evaluation	Online	Part-time
		31) Health Equity and Social Justice	Online	Part-time
		32) Health Policy and Management	Online	Part-time
		33) Implementation Science	Online	Part-time
		34) Women’s and Reproductive Health	Online	Part-time
		35) Custom Track	Online	Part-time
16. Loma Linda University^66–69 ⭘△	School of Public Health	36) Health Education	Online	Both
		37) Health Policy and Leadership	Online and On-Campus	Both
		38) Preventive Care	Online and On-campus	Both
17. Medical College of Wisconsin²⁴ ⭘	N/A	39) Public Health Practice	Online	Both
18. Mercer University²³ ⭘△	College of Health Professions	40) Diverse Populations and Health Equity	Online	Full-time
18. Mercer University²³ ⭘△	College of Health Professions	41) Social Epidemiology	Hybrid	Full-time
19. Morgan State University⁷⁰ ⭘	School of Community Health and Policy	42) Generalist	On-Campus	Both
20. New York Medical College^71,72 ⭘△	School of Health Sciences and Practice, and Institute of Public Health	43) Health Policy and Management	On-Campus	Both
21. New York University ⭘△	School of Global Public Health	44) Public Health Leadership	On-Campus	Both
22. Pennsylvania State University^74,75 ⭘△	College of Medicine	45) Community and Behavioral Health	On-Campus	Both
		46) Epidemiology and Biostatistics	On-Campus	Both
		47) Health Systems Organization and Policy	On-Campus	Both
23. Ponce Health Sciences University⁷⁶ ⭘	N/A	48) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Both
24. Rutgers University⁷⁷ ⭘△	School of Public Health	49) Leadership, Practice and Research	Hybrid	Part-time
25. Samford University²⁸	N/A	50) Health Management and Policy	Online	Both
25. Samford University²⁸	N/A	51) Population Health Analytics and Decision Making	Online	Both
26. SUNY – Downstate Medical Center⁷⁸ ⭘△	School of Public Health	52) Community Health Sciences	Online	Part-time
		53) Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences	Online	Part-time
		54) Epidemiology	Online	Part-time
27. Texas A&M University^79,80 ⭘△	School of Public Health	55) Environmental Health	On-Campus	Both
		56) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Both
		57) Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences	On-Campus	Both
28. Tulane University^26,27 ⭘	School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine	58) Leadership, Advocacy, and Equity (name updated from Social, Behavioral, & Population Sciences)	Online	Part-time
29. University at Albany – SUNY⁸¹ ⭘△	School of Public Health	59) Public Health	On-Campus	Both
30. University of Alabama at Birmingham^82–85 ⭘△	School of Public Health	60) Biostatistics	On-Campus	Both
		61) Health Care Organization & Policy	On-Campus	Both
		62) Maternal Child Health Policy	On-Campus	Both
		63) Outcomes Research	On-Campus	Both
31. University of Arizona⁸⁶ ⭘△	Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health	64) Maternal & Child Health	On-Campus	Both
31. University of Arizona⁸⁶ ⭘△	Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health	65) Public Health Policy and Management	On-Campus	Both
32. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences⁸⁷ ⭘△	Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health	66) Public Health Leadership	On-Campus	Both
33. University of California, Berkeley⁸⁸ ⭘△	School of Public Health	67) Public Health	On-Campus	Full-time
34. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus^89–92 ⭘△	Colorado School of Public Health	68) Community and Behavioral Health	On-Campus	Full-time
		69) Environmental and Occupational Health	On-Campus	Full-time
		70) Epidemiology	On-Campus	Full-time
35. University of Georgia⁹³ ⭘△	College of Public Health	71) Health Policy and Management	On-Campus	Part-time
36. University of Illinois at Chicago⁹⁴ ⭘△	School of Public Health	72) Leadership	Online	Part-time
37. University of Nebraska Medical Center²¹ ⭘△	College of Public Health	73) Public Health Practice: Emergency Preparedness	Online	Both
37. University of Nebraska Medical Center²¹ ⭘△	College of Public Health	74) Public Health Practice: Epidemiology	Online	Both
38. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill⁹⁵ ⭘△	Gillings School of Global Public Health	75) Health Leadership	Online	Part-time
39. University of Puerto Rico^96–98 ⭘△	Graduate School of Public Health	76) Environmental Health	On-Campus	Both
		77) Health Systems Analysis and Management	On-Campus	Both
		78) Social Determinants of Health	On-Campus	Both
40. University of South Florida^99,100 ⭘△	College of Public Health	79) Advanced Practice Leadership in Public Health	Online	Part-time
40. University of South Florida^99,100 ⭘△	College of Public Health	80) Public Health & Clinical Laboratory Science and Practice	Online	Part-time
41. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston¹⁰¹ ⭘△	School of Public Health	81) Community Health Practice	On-Campus	Both
	School of Public Health	82) Health Promotion and Health Education	On-Campus	Both
42. Walden University²² ⭘	N/A	83) Generalist	Online	Both
The symbols at the right side of the university refer to ⭘: CEPH-Accredited △: ASPPH.

Table 1 provides an overview of DrPH programs, including 1) institution name; 2) college/school name; 3) program; 4) mode of instruction; and 5) enrollment type. We separated the name of the DrPH institution (e.g., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) into two parts (Institution name: Johns Hopkins University, and College/School Name: Bloomberg School of Public Health) to clearly indicate what structure the DrPH program resides in, which help us generally understand the scale of the program. College/School Name was marked “N/A” when the university had no college or school for public health, or the highest structure level of the institution was college. Figure 1 used university names to show the geographical distribution of DrPH institutions in the United States and its territories. The term “program” in this study encompassed all DrPH offerings, including area of study, major, specialty, discipline, and concentration that the university, school of public health, or department provides. In addition, we referred to the “General data element definitions” from the ASPPH Annual Data Reporting²⁰ to re-classify those various programs by naming them with legitimate areas of study. The re-classification included in Figure 2 were as follows: 1) Health Policy, Management, and Leadership; 2) Community Health, Behavioral Health, and Health Education; 3) Epidemiology; 4) General Public Health Studies; 5) Environmental and Occupational Health; 6) Biostatistics; 7) Health Equity; 8) Global Health; 9) Maternal and Child Health; and 10) Other.

Modes of instruction and enrollment status were identified by searching individual websites for each program because it is critical information needed for prospective students to narrow the number of schools to apply to. To determine the mode of instruction, we classified programs as 1) on-campus, 2) online, 3) hybrid, and 4) both online and on-campus.¹ It is important to note that most online programs require students to visit the campus during their coursework. We defined a program to be online if the program instruction was primarily online and campus visits totaled less than seven days per academic year. We determined the program to be on-campus if a majority of the instruction was primarily in person on campus. We determined the definition of hybrid programs if the instruction was primarily online and campus visits were required for more than seven days per academic year for the duration of coursework. We determined to follow the term, online and on-campus if the DrPH institution recruits online students and on-campus separately.

Enrollment status was for coursework only and excluded the dissertation period. If the program required students to be enrolled full-time, we determined the status to be full-time. If the program did not allow full-time coursework, we determined the status to be part-time. If the student had a choice of full-time or part-time enrollment, we defined the status as both. If enrollment information was not available, we contacted their admission offices via email or phone to confirm enrollment options (Medical College of Wisconsin, University of Puerto Rico, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Mercer University, and Walden University).^21–25 Program name was taken from the CEPH website as well as the individual sites of Samford University and Capella University.

Result

After cross-checking across the three-step of the search strategy, we found a total of 42 institutions (universities, colleges, or medical centers) and their 83 programs that provide DrPH degrees in the United States and its territories, as of July 2022 (Table 1).

Process for finalization of the list

First, according to the CEPH webpage, a total of 41 CEPH-accredited institutions and their 79 programs (indicated as “Concentration” on the search result page) were initially found.¹⁷ Among them, there was one DrPH program accredited by CEPH but not in the United States and its territories: the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica). We included Tulane University as they will recruit DrPH students again from Fall 2022.^26,27 Thus, excluding the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico and its program (Public Health), we concluded that the final number of CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions: 40 and their programs: 78. All institutions were within their CEPH accreditation cycles, except University at Albany – SUNY, whose accreditation expired on July 1, 2022 and is in re-accreditation process.

Second, according to the ASPPH Program Finder, 35 institutions and 72 programs were initially found.¹⁹ From this list, we excluded two institutions along with their programs; the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica) did not fall into the inclusion criteria due to its location outside of the United States, and the PhD program in Nutritional Sciences at University of Michigan School of Public Health was incorrectly indexed on the DrPH list.¹⁹ After excluding those two institutions, we confirmed that all 33 ASPPH-affiliated DrPH institutions were CEPH-accredited. There were seven CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions but not ASPPH members: 1) East Carolina University, 2) Jackson State University, 3) Medical College of Wisconsin, 4) Morgan State University, 5) Ponce Health Sciences University, 6) Tulane University, and 7) Walden University. Thirty-three ASPPH-affiliated DrPH institutions and those seven CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions but not ASPPH members made up a total of 40 CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions, which confirmed the first step of searching for CEPH. The way of counting the number of programs was slightly different between CEPH and ASPPH. For example, East Tennessee State University provides three DrPH programs: 1) Community Health, 2) Epidemiology, and 3) Health Management & Policy, and CEPH count their number of programs as three. However, ASPPH counted six for East Tennessee State University’s DrPH program because each program had two separate program tabs with different application deadlines: all applicants or U.S. only (e.g., Community Health – All applicants, Community Health – U.S. only). Thus, from 72 programs that were initially found in the ASPPH Program Finder search, we deleted the duplicate programs based on the applicant type and deadline; we excluded the following 10 programs; East Tennessee State University College of Public Health (3 programs for U.S. only), Georgia Southern University Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health (5 programs for readmission only), University at Albany School of Public Health (1 program for priority, meaning different deadlines for application), and University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health (1 program for readmission-approval required with rolling admission). Then, we additionally excluded 2 programs from National Institute of Public Health of Mexico (DrPH – Doctorado en Salud Pública) and University of Michigan School of Public Health (PhD – Nutritional Sciences), which made up 60 programs. We confirmed that the number difference between 78 programs from CEPH and 60 programs from ASPPH (total: 18 program differences) came from CEPH-accredited but not ASPPH members (total: 10 programs) and the different way of displaying programs, such as CEPH’s listing all programs versus ASPPH’s aggregating all programs to 1-2 programs, which resulted in 4 program differences from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1 program difference from University of South Florida College of Public Health, 1 program difference from Florida A&M University, and 2 program differences from University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health (total: 8 programs). Thus, we concluded that the final number of ASPPH-affiliated DrPH institutions: 33 and their programs: 60.

Lastly, through a manual search, we additionally found two universities: Samford University and Capella University. Those institutions were neither CEPH-accredited nor ASPPH-member. Samford University provides an online DrPH program with two concentrations: 1) Health Management and Policy and 2) Population Health Analytics and Decision Making.²⁸ Capella University provides one generic DrPH program as one of their Doctoral Degrees in Health Sciences.^29,30 It is noted that the other two concentrations—1) Global Health: Policy and Evaluation and 2) Women’s and Reproductive Health—have been recently added to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health DrPH program; however, they were not listed in the CEPH webpage yet, as of July 22, 2022.

Taken all together, in the United States and its territories, the total number of DrPH institutions is 42, adding 2 non-CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions to 40 CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions. From 42 DrPH institutions, the total number of DrPH programs is 83, adding 3 concentrations from non-CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions as well as 2 concentrations from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health to 78 CEPH-accredited programs.

Geographical distribution of DrPH institutions

Figure 1. Geographical distribution of DrPH institutions in the United States and its territories

“Others (7)” refers to a) Custom Track; b) Implementation Science; c) Outcomes Research; d) Preventive Care; e) Population Health Analytics and Decision Making; f) Public Health & Clinical Laboratory Science & Practice; and g) Public Health Practice: Emergency Preparedness.

Regarding the geographical distribution of DrPH institutions in the United States and its territories, DrPH programs were located across a total of 22 states, plus Washington D.C. and Puerto Rico. 42.2% (35/83) of the programs were concentrated in 8 states across the South region. 32.5% (27/83) of the programs were concentrated in 5 states and Washington D.C. 8.4% (7/83) of the programs were concentrated in 5 states within the Midwest region. 12% (10/83) of the programs were concentrated in 3 states in the West region.³¹ The distribution of institutions by region is as follows: South 38.1% (16/42), Northeast region 30.9% (13/42), Midwest 14.3% (6/42), West 11.9% (5/42), and Puerto Rico 4.8% (2/42).

Classification of the DrPH program

Figure 2 displays the proportion of DrPH program classifications. From 42 DrPH institutions, a total of 83 programs were found. Among 10 program classifications listed in Figure 2, Health Policy, Management, and Leadership were found to be the most prevalent area of study (23/83, 27.7%), followed by Community Health, Behavioral Health, and Health Education (12/83, 14.5%), Epidemiology (12/83, 14.5%), General Public Health Studies (10/83, 12%), Environmental and Occupational Health (7/83, 8.4%), Biostatistics (3/83, 3.6%), Health Equity (3/83, 3.6%), Maternal and Child Health (2/83, 3.6%), and Global Health (3/83, 3.6%). Others took up 8.4% (7/83), which included seven different programs as follows in alphabetical order: a) Custom Track; b) Implementation Science; c) Outcomes Research; d) Preventive Care; e) Population Health Analytics and Decision Making; f) Public Health & Clinical Laboratory Science & Practice; and g) Public Health Practice: Emergency Preparedness.

Figure 2. Proportion of DrPH program classification (i.e., major, specialty, discipline, or concentration)

Legend: “Others (7)” refers to a) Custom Track; b) Implementation Science; c) Outcomes Research; d) Preventive Care; e) Population Health Analytics and Decision Making; f) Public Health & Clinical Laboratory Science & Practice; and g) Public Health Practice: Emergency Preparedness.

Institutional structure, mode of instruction, and enrollment type

For institutional structure, 78.6% (33/42) of institutions had a school or college level of public health. We included Claremont University (School of Community & Global Health), Florida A&M University (College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Institute of Public Health), Morgan State University (School of Community Health and Policy), and New York Medical College (School of Health Sciences and Practice, and Institute of Public Health) as a school of public health though they were named differently because they provided DrPH programs in the independent school-level. For a mode of instruction, 61.4% (51/83) of the DrPH programs were on-campus, 32.5% (27/83) of them were online, 3.6% (3/83) were hybrid, while the remaining 2.4% (2/83) were offered online and on-campus. All three programs counted as both online and on-campus were from Loma Linda University. For program enrollment type, 20.5% (17/83) were full-time, 22.9% (19/83) were part-time, and the remaining 56.6% (47/83) allowed both, full-time and part-time.

Discussion

This study has been one of the first attempts to comprehensively identify and organize the list of all active DrPH programs in the United States and its territories. This study conducted a comprehensive examination of the entire list of DrPH programs in the United States and its territories with the categories of location, CEPH accreditation, ASPPH membership, program, mode of instruction, and enrollment type. The information we provided in this study would be particularly useful for prospective DrPH students who are looking for the DrPH programs, faculty members at the DrPH institutions who plan to further develop or launch the program, and employers and all other stakeholders who want to see the geographic distribution of the DrPH programs. DrPH programs can contribute to providing public health workforce to control the current pandemic and possible future disease outbreaks.³² In addition, to help readers search the up-to-date list of DrPH programs, this study provided the following publicly available information: 1) “Search for a Degree Program” provided by CEPH¹⁷ and 2) “Academic Program Finder” provided by ASPPH.¹⁹ Our research method, using publicly available online data sources to search for organizations or institutions of interest, was proven to be effective and used by other researchers, such as Frehywot et al. (2019)’s identifying medical diaspora organizations in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada.³³

In this study, we focused on the DrPH as a distinctive terminal public health degree that aims for training future leaders of public health who will address complex public health issues with strong practical leadership experience. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an urgent need for fixing the bridge between public health education and the governmental public health workforce. A DrPH degree is uniquely designed to train practice-based public health professionals who are integral to a diverse range of disciplines including but not limited to epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, health policy and management, health service administration, program planning and evaluation, and behavioral science. It is known that ASPPH represents schools and programs of public health that were CEPH-accredited (ASPPH full membership) or non-CEPH-accredited that are in the process of accreditation (ASPPH associate membership).^34,35 Thus, the list of ASPPH institutions and programs was not the same as the list of CEPH-accredited institutions and programs from CEPH’s Search for a Degree Program for the following two reasons: 1) ASPPH Academic Program Finder also included CEPH applicants (schools or programs that are not CEPH-accredited yet) in their list; and 2) some CEPH-accredited schools or programs were not listed in ASPPH because they did not join ASPPH or did not renew their ASPPH membership. In fact, Park et al. (2020) found a discrepancy between ASPPH Program Finder and the CEPH webpage when cross-checking the list of CEPH-accredited DrPH programs in the United States; a total of six CEPH-accredited DrPH programs (East Carolina University, Florida A&M University, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Jackson State University School of Public Health, Morgan State University School of Community Health and Policy, and Ponce Health Sciences University) were excluded in the final list for analysis in February 2020 because they were not in the list of ASPPH Program Finder.¹ Thus, this study was needed to solve this gap by providing searching methods for active DrPH schools and programs in the United States and its territories and organizing them into CEPH-accredited institutions, ASPPH members, and non-CEPH/ASPPH institutions.

From the findings, we see that the number of ASPPH members (33) was lower than that of CEPH-accredited institutions (40), as of August 2022. Seven CEPH-accredited DrPH institutions—1) East Carolina University, 2) Jackson State University, 3) Medical College of Wisconsin, 4) Morgan State University, 5) Ponce Health Sciences University, 6) Tulane University, and 7) Walden University—did not join ASPPH or did not renew their ASPPH membership. There are possible two reasons why they decided not to be an ASPPH member. First, Underfunded institutions, such as historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), might not afford to pay for the ASPPH annual membership fee. Second, although many benefits—raising organizational visibility, attracting new students through SOPHAS that is the centralized application service for public health, having an access to the internal data ASPPH Data Center Portal, and developing a network through the ASPPH annual meeting and the ASPPH Undergraduate Network for Education in Public Health³⁶—are given, some of the DrPH institutions that are not ASPPH members might think that the benefits of joining ASPPH might not outweigh the necessity of paying an annual membership fee.

Several important weaknesses need to be considered. First, we relied on the program information and its relevant data that are publicly available. Some programs did not update the information on their website on a regular basis and/or did not provide important factors that prospective students would highly value, such as enrollment type (part-time vs full-time). In addition, CEPH and ASPPH webpages contained a few incorrect or outdated information. When the publicly available written information from the web pages or program handbooks was not clear, we contacted the admissions offices or CEPH to clarify information. Second, the nature of this study was time-sensitive, which only applied to the list of DrPH programs by the time we finished searching. This list is subject to change continually when existing DrPH programs add or remove their programs or new DrPH programs are established. To mitigate this limitation, it is expected for readers to use CEPH and ASPPH databases.

Conclusion

Despite the continuous development of DrPH programs in recent years, significant work remains to understand the current status of DrPH institutions and their programs as a whole in the United States. By identifying and listing all available DrPH programs, it is expected that prospective DrPH students, DrPH alumni, DrPH directors and faculty, and stakeholders will obtain a better glimpse of the available DrPH programs and their characteristics across the nation. DrPH directors and faculty can suggest what programs (focus areas) within the DrPH education need to be further emphasized to promptly address any unexpected complex public health issues in the country. Thus, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken to analyze the pattern of evolution for DrPH programs and to suggest the desired distribution of DrPH programs across the nation.

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About the Author

Dr. Chulwoo Park, DrPH, MSPH

Dr. Chulwoo Park is an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health and Recreation at San José State University. He is a motivated global health scholar and professional with several years of both domestic and international fieldwork/research experience focusing on public health education, community and global health, refugee and immigrant health, and control of infectious disease in the United States, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Ms. Shannon Shimada, MPH, MPAS, PA-C

Ms. Shannon Shimada is a lecturer in the Department of Public Health and Recreation at San José State University. She has been working in youth programming serving low social-economic status families for the past 14 years with a majority of the youths in our programs being from minority families. In the emergency department, she treated a myriad of different immigrant and migrant patients.